{"id":3067,"date":"2025-07-11T13:00:27","date_gmt":"2025-07-11T13:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pulsarfusion.com\/?p=3067"},"modified":"2025-07-14T16:53:45","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T16:53:45","slug":"pulsar-5kw-moonranger-hall-effect-thruster","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pulsarfusion.com\/pulsar-5kw-moonranger-hall-effect-thruster\/","title":{"rendered":"Pulsar 5kW MoonRanger Hall-Effect Thruster | PF-MOONRANGER-KR\/XE-2024"},"content":{"rendered":"[vc_row type=”in_container” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none”][vc_column column_padding=”padding-2-percent” column_padding_tablet=”padding-3-percent” column_padding_phone=”padding-4-percent” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” sticky_content=”true” sticky_content_functionality=”css” sticky_content_alignment=”default” background_color=”#8c8c8c” background_color_opacity=”0.1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
\u2060Introduction<\/a><\/h5>\n
Experimental Design and Methodology<\/a><\/h5>\n
\u2060Achievements<\/span><\/a><\/h5>\n
Discussion<\/a><\/h5>\n
Conclusion<\/a><\/h5>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][nectar_btn size=”large” button_style=”regular” button_color_2=”Accent-Color” icon_family=”fontawesome” text=”DOWNLOAD WHITEPAPER” url=”https:\/\/pulsarfusion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Pulsar-5kW-MoonRanger-Hall.pdf” icon_fontawesome=”fa fa-download”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

Experimental Validation and Achievements from Initial Test Firing with center Cathode.<\/h1>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]Author: Pulsar Fusion UK Ltd.<\/em>
\nPulsar Fusion, Bletchley, UK<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n

This paper highlights the successful initial test firing of Pulsar Fusion\u2019s first 5kW Hall-effect thruster (HET), conducted in November 2024 as part of the “5kW Testing Project,”. The thruster demonstrated remarkable versatility with both Xenon (Xe) and Krypton (Kr) propellants, achieving a maximum thrust of 104.0 mN, a specific impulse (Isp) of 1891 s, and an anode efficiency peaking at 38.0% within a power range of 2120-2064 W.<\/p>\n

The integrated center cathode enabled reliable ignition, while thermal stability was maintained with anode temperatures reaching only 61.7\u00b0C. These achievements, documented through low- and high-resolution transient data, underscore Pulsar Fusion\u2019s innovative design and position the thruster as a promising contender for future deep-space propulsion, with ongoing optimization to enhance performance further.<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”introduction”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

1.\u2060 \u2060Introduction<\/h2>\n

Hall Effect Thrusters (HETs) are a cornerstone of electric propulsion, offering high specific impulse and efficiency for applications ranging from satellite station-keeping to interplanetary missions. Traditionally, Xenon (Xe) has been the propellant of choice due to its high atomic mass and low ionization energy. However, Krypton (Kr) is gaining attention as a cost-effective alternative, despite its lower performance due to higher ionization energy. This study evaluates the performance of a 500W HET developed by Pulsar Fusion, using Kr as the propellant. The test campaign, conducted on 2\u20133 July 2025, aimed to characterize thrust, specific impulse (Isp), and anode efficiency across various operating conditions, addressing challenges such as sensor accuracy and operational stability.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”methodology”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

2.\u2060 \u2060Experimental Design and Methodology<\/h2>\n

The test, outlined in the “5kW Testing Specification v0.1.pdf” (dated September 25, 2024), aimed to characterize
\nbasic performance, capture transient data, and conduct a thermal study. The HET was operated with anode voltages
\nof 106-160 V, powers up to 2120-2064 W, and Kr mass flow rates of 5.61-7.48 mg\/s. Thrust, Isp, and efficiency
\nwere measured, supplemented by time-series thermal data from Type K thermocouples, with testing spanning
\nOctober 31 to November 15, 2024.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”Achievements”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

3.\u2060 \u2060Achievements<\/span><\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

3.1 Propellant Versatility and Transient Operation<\/h4>\n

The HET successfully operated with both Xe and Kr, leveraging the integrated center cathode. Transient operation was achieved, with the cathode igniting reliably at 4-10 A, up to 10 V, and 30 sccm, allowing heater power to be turned off post-ignition. This dual-propellant capability highlights the swappable anode\u2019s effectiveness, offering a cost-efficient alternative with Kr and affirming Pulsar\u2019s innovative design approach.<\/p>\n

3.2 Thrust Performance<\/h4>\n

The thruster delivered a maximum thrust of 104.0 mN at 2064 W, 160 V, and a 5.61 mg\/s Kr flow, demonstrating robust performance within the tested power range. This result reflects the thruster\u2019s potential to scale thrust with increased power, a promising indicator of its capability to meet future performance targets.<\/p>\n

3.3 Specific Impulse<\/h4>\n

Isp reached an impressive 1891 s under optimal conditions (2064 W, 160 V, 5.61 mg\/s), showcasing efficient ion acceleration. This high Isp value positions the thruster competitively among early-stage HET designs, with potential for further enhancement as testing progresses.<\/p>\n

3.4 Anode Efficiency<\/h4>\n

Anode efficiency peaked at 38.0% at 2064 W and 160 V, a significant achievement for initial testing. This upward trend with increasing voltage and power highlights the thruster\u2019s capacity for optimization, laying a strong foundation for achieving higher efficiencies.<\/p>\n

3.5 Thermal Stability<\/h4>\n

Thermal data revealed excellent heat management, with anode temperatures rising from ~20\u00b0C to a maximum of 61.7\u00b0C and body-mounted temperatures from ~19.8\u00b0C to ~54.8\u00b0C over the test period (12:40 to 15:55). This stability during startup and steady-state operation underscores the thruster\u2019s robust thermal design.<\/p>\n

3.6 Comprehensive Data Collection<\/h4>\n

The test yielded valuable low-resolution (1 Hz) and high-resolution transient data, capturing the full startup sequence and breathing mode oscillations. This data will inform the development of the power processing unit (PPU), enhancing future operational reliability and efficiency.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”discussion”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

4. Discussion<\/h2>\n

These achievements reflect Pulsar Fusion\u2019s successful initial validation of the 5kW HET design. The ability to operate with both Xe and Kr, coupled with reliable cathode ignition, demonstrates versatility and technological innovation. The recorded thrust, Isp, and efficiency metrics, though obtained at partial power, indicate a strong starting point, with scalability evident in the performance trends. The thermal stability further validates the thruster\u2019s engineering, ensuring durability for extended missions. The comprehensive transient data collection is a testament to Pulsar\u2019s commitment to iterative improvement, positioning the thruster as a leader in next-generation electric propulsion.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”conclusion”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

5. Conclusion<\/h2>\n

Pulsar Fusion\u2019s first 5kW HET test firing marks a significant milestone, with positive achievements in propellant versatility, thrust (104.0 mN), specific impulse (1891 s), efficiency (38.0%), thermal stability, and data acquisition. These results highlight the thruster\u2019s potential to advance deep-space propulsion, with ongoing tests at full 5kW power poised to unlock even greater performance. Pulsar Fusion continues to drive innovation, setting the stage for future breakthroughs in space exploration technology.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”methodology”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

Acknowledgments<\/h2>\n

The authors thank the Pulsar team for their support during the test campaign.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”methodology”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n

References<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • “5kW Testing Specification v0.1.pdf,” Pulsar Fusion Ltd, September 25, 2024.<\/li>\n
  • Performance Data, “Performance data.xlsx,” November 2024.<\/li>\n
  • Thermal Study Data, “Thermal study.txt,” November 2024.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”default” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all” el_id=”methodology”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]Pulsar Fusion Technical Report | Code: PF-MOONRANGER-KR\/XE-2024<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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